Property Taxes Account for Largest Share of State and Local Revenue in 2021

NAHB analysis of the Census Bureau’s quarterly tax data shows that $672.5 billion in taxes were paid by property owners in the four quarters ending Q4 2021 (not seasonally adjusted), a 1.0% quarterly increase.[1]  Four-quarter property tax revenues declined 0.6% in Q3 2021, the second such decrease since 2012.

Property taxes accounted for 36.2% of state and local tax receipts, a 0.8 percentage point decrease over the prior quarter. In terms of the share of total receipts, property taxes were followed by individual income taxes (30.5%), sales taxes (27.1%), and corporate taxes (6.2%).

The ratio of property tax revenue to total tax revenue from the four sources shown above dipped slightly below its pre-housing boom average of 37%.  Quarterly corporate income tax revenues were steady as a share of the total, accounting for 6.2% of state and local tax receipts (NSA).

Year-over-year growth of four-quarter property tax revenue has decelerated over the past two quarters after accelerating each quarter from Q3 2020 to Q2 2021. Four-quarter corporate income tax, individual income tax, and sales tax revenue increased 58.3%, 22.1%, and 15.6%, respectively, year-over-year.

The share of property tax receipts among the four major tax revenue sources naturally changes with fluctuations in non-property tax collections. Non-property tax receipts including individual income, corporate income, and sales tax revenues, by nature, are much more sensitive to fluctuations in the business cycle and the accompanying changes in consumer spending (affecting sales tax revenues) and job availability (affecting aggregate income). In contrast, property tax collections have proven relatively stable, reflecting the long-run stability of tangible property values as well as the smoothing effects of lagging assessments and annual adjustments.

[1] Census data for property tax collections include taxes paid for all real estate assets (as well as personal property), including owner-occupied homes, rental housing, commercial real estate, and agriculture. Owner-occupied and rental housing units combine to make housing’s share the largest among these subgroups.

 

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